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| 1735 |
| | | Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus publishes a 'system of nature', capable of classifying all living things | |
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| 1769 |
| | | Captain Cook's distinguished passengers, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, collect valuable specimens of Pacific flora | |
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| 1809 |
| | | French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck argues in Zoological Philosophy that creatures can inherit acquired characteristics | |
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| 1811 |
| | | A 12-year-old Dorset child, Mary Anning, discovers at Lyme Regis a 21 ft (6.4m) fossil of an icthyosaur | |
|  | Fossil of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, a marine reptile
Natural History Museum, London
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| 1812 |
| | | French scientist Georges Cuvier introduces scientific palaeontology with his Research on the Fossil Bones of Quadrupeds | |
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| 1831 |
| | | HMS Beagle sails from Plymouth to survey the coasts of the southern hemisphere, with Charles Darwin as the expedition's naturalist | |
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| 1835 |
| | | French zoologist Félix Dujardin identifies protoplasm, the viscous translucent substance common to all forms of life | |
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| 1836 |
| | | HMS Beagle reaches Falmouth, in Cornwall, after a voyage of five years, and Charles Darwin brings with him a valuable collection of specimens | |
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| 1843 |
| | | Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz completes his pioneering Poissons Fossiles ('Fossil Fish'), classifying more than 1500 categories | |
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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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